2.
   2024
/   
   : -
(   )
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.            ?
2.       ?      
 -
3.               
       ?
4.       ' '     

 -
5. 
        ?      
2.
6. ..   ?    '   
-
7.       ,    '   
8.           
   2024
/   
   : -
(   )
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.            ?
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      ?
18
 19
              , 
          ,    
   
     -  , , , ,
   -        
     
     ?
2.
    
         '       

           ,   

      (    -  
  )    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ():      -      18
 19
        ,        
     ,       
    
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃    ?
               :
    ( )
      (  )
       
,      
    :
  (, ,  , )
  
  
, ,   
  
 ,              
󺃓󺃔󺃕    
-      :
 (  ):     
  ():    
:- 
 :    (   )
  :  
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
             
     
󷄧󷄫       
   ,           
:

  
  
 
       ,      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
󷄧󷄬      
          :


 
  

            200    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,          
󷄧󷄭       
            
  :
2.





           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
󷄧󷄮      
      ,        
      :
 
 
  
          
󷄰󷄯        '  
   :
, ,     
   
19
    
            '    
󷄧󷄱         - 
        :
 

  -
 
2.
              

󽆪󽆫󽆬
              , 
              '  
    ,        
 ,          -   ,
             
            
    
2.       ?      
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌       ?
      ,     
  
           (1871–1951) 
,      
           ..
      ,     
      
            
              
   
 
󷊨󷊩        
1.       :  ,     
  
2.      :    ,  
    
3.      :        ,
       
4.  :    ,         
    
2.
5.   '   :       
   '  
󷙣󷙤󷙥         
1.     
           
      " " (1905)      
,      
2.         
        "  "
 
           
3.     '  
       

 ,           
  
4.   
   
,       

         
5.   
     ,  
      
    '    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
       :       

  :         
   :     ,  
     
󽆪󽆫󽆬
2.
           -    
             
,      : ,       
    ,   -   
          '     
 -
3.               
       ?
:      :   
       
       '  ,
       -  ,   
'    -     ,        
,         
2.

      
,        ' 
         ,       
   
 :
   
    
,  
,  
 
    , ,            
     
         
  -    
       
          
   , 
 ,           
,      
 :
        ,      

 
     ,      
      
      
        
     ,          
      ,      ,    
 
     :   
      '   ,       
          
     
20
         
 
1.      
             
      - 
2.
           
  :
        
       
      
              
2.        
                
    ,           - :
  (     )
  
  
 ,             
    
3.      
            
              
 ,      :
  
     
   
2.
           ,    
  
     
  1930          ,   , 
              
        "  "  
, 
    
    
     :
   
   
  
 ,         
 

     ,      
    ,        

    ,          
   
 
   ,             
  
   ,        ' 
,     ,     
4.       ' '     

:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌 
1937      , "" -     
 ,             

   --  ,       , 
    
2.
           ,   
   ,    ,       
 
󷊨󷊩      
1.  :
o    ,        , 
    '   
o     ,        
2.  :
o -        ,       
 ,       
o       
 
3. :
o   -        , - 
       
o        ,    
 '   
󷙣󷙤󷙥   
   :     
  - ,
   
  :        '  
,         
 
     :      
    , -          

   :   ,       ,  
  -   
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 
1.    :"" -      ,
         
 
2.   :      
 -   
     
 
3.    :      , -  1930   
    
  
2.
1. :      -    
 ,   ,        
 
 
 
2.   :    ,     '   
,     
3.  :            -  
      
󽆪󽆫󽆬      
"" -       ,       
    
 
 "    "        
  
           
 ,     
󷊨󷊩
 -  ""       -  ,  
  '     ,       
,
             

 -
5. 
        ?      
:      
         (  )   
          ,  , 
           ,    ' 
        (    , )  
,        
      ,         
             -  
          
 , 
          
2.
         
1.    
             
          ,  , 
     
  -   ,     
 
       ,         
-  ,  ,   -        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :          
2.    
             ,  
     '    :

  




      , 
         
                
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,    -     
   '  
3.       
        
  -    '

       ;       

 ,   ,       - , ,    -
  
2.
 ,         ,      
            
4.    
                
           

      :
  
   
 
   
           ,    
    
5.      
             
   -  ,  ,   
         
 , 
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,     
 
   
   ,          :
1.      
       
    ,     , ,
        
2.     
2.
       ,    ,    
    
3.     
      - ,      -
  '      
      
       
        
         
    ,          :
  , 
  
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 +  + 
            
   

    
  ,          :
      
     
 ,     
, ,    
    
    

2.
      
 -        

,               
   :   - ,   ,    
      
 ,          :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
      
 ,       
            
6. ..   ?    '   
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌   ?
:17  1915, , 
:         
:1930             ,
    ',      
:    (1947)   ,  
             
  :         (1973)   
(1991)    
:9  2011, , 95    
󷊨󷊩        
1.      :         ,  
   
2.     :    ,  
  
3.    :   (, )
   
4.  :           
 
5.  :       ,  ,  
 '  
󷙣󷙤󷙥      
2.
1.        
         
   ,      ,   
   
2.      
     ,   ,     
      
3. 
        ,  ,    
 
4.        
  , ,    ,    

5.      
         
 ,  
-    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
"  " :     
"" :   ,  
"  " :       
"    "      :      

 
 "   " (1967):    
   
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
   -          
     
        ,      
 -  
  ,      '    ,   
       
2.
󷊨󷊩     
1.     :       
      
2.    :        ' 
3.     :    ,      
  
4.  :      ,     
 
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌
      
 -   ,   
               - 
,  ,      , ,   , 
    
  
-
7.       ,    '   
:󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃           
2.
              
               
 ,         
   
1.     
    ,      '     
         ,        
   ,           
      
2.  -  
       (),  (),  (),   
     -            
        ,       
   
3.   
   '         ,        
            ,     
      
4.   
  ,               
     ,      
 ,     
  -      
  '   
󺃓󺃔󺃕      
2.
            ,  
  
1. ,  -  
            -
   ,          
      
2.   
      ,      
   -        
     
 
3. - 
               ' 
       
4.      
    ,           
              

5.    

     ,       
   - 
        -  
   
  ,       
  - , , 
  ' 
2.
󼫻󼫼󼫽󼫾󼫿     
               
   
 
1.   

        ,      

   :
 

  

  
          
2.    
          -  , 
 ,            
3.     
        -   
, , ,
            
4.       
              -
  
   "  "  -  ,     () 
  ()     , ,     

 
2.
    :
 
 
-  
  
 ,            
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
    
       
  -
         
 :
19
     
      
-   
    
               
 
8.           
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
1.     
                
' , , ,      - 
  
  ,     ,      
      
;         
             ' ,  
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :             
  
2.
2.      
                
    '    
  -   , ,   
       ,          
     ,           '  
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,      
3.   ( )  
       
       
                
 
               
  , ,    -        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :           
4.        
     ,   ,       ,
                  
  
 
   '              ,
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,      
5.   
        ,        
     '      ,       
         '  
2.
               
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
6.     
  ',       - ,   
                
  
                
    ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
7.     
     ,     '    '  
     :
    
    
  
   
    
           
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
8.       
            

 , ,              
- 
       -  ,  , 
 -
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :            
2.
9.    
        
      
  :
 
     
    ()
  
            


10.      
   ,     , ,       
      '       '  , , 
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
󽆪󽆫󽆬
    
 -  ,        
      ,    ,    ,
 ,   ,    ,   ,   ,
       
             
  
 ,        
       
                 
      
"                 
 
          ,         
 "